Lectures provide a theoretical foundation for understanding the principles, functions, technical specifications, and applications of ophthalmological and optometric instruments. They also offer insight into their practical use and the evaluation of obtained results. Practical sessions and seminars are designed to help students acquire and deepen the necessary practical and experimental skills in working with key professional instruments. Lectures: Optical instruments (PD meters, centering systems, focimeters - principles, schematics, measurement procedures). Visual acuity testing (optotypes and their design principles, contrast sensitivity). Refraction examination (objective methods, principles of autorefractometers, aberrometry). Corneal shape parameter measurement (mathematical approximation of corneal surface shape, axial and tangential curvature, eccentricity). Keratoscope, keratometer, topographer - principles, construction, applications. Visual field examination (kinetic perimetry, static perimetry, campimetry, orientation tests). Computerized static perimetry (principle, strategies, measured parameters - key indices and their analysis). Retinal sensitivity. Color vision and its disorders. Methods of color vision examination (Holmgren wool test, 100-hue test, pseudoisochromatic plates, anomaloscope). Intraocular pressure measurement (importance of intraocular pressure; impression, applanation, non-contact, and rebound tonometry - principles, applications). Ultrasound examination of the eye (A-scan, B-scan, pachymetry). Ophthalmoscopy (direct, indirect, retinal cameras and their capabilities; examination of the optic disc and macula; retinal orientation, common findings - glaucoma, macular degeneration). Diagnostic methods for, cataracta, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Other selected instruments and tools used in ophthalmology and optometry, with a focus on innovations or special applications. Lasers in ophthalmology (principles and design; laser-tissue interactions - photocoagulation, photodisruption, photoablation; types of lasers in ophthalmology, eye diseases and conditions treated with lasers). Practical Sessions: Practical training aligns with the topics covered in the lectures. Direct ophthalmoscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy using a non-mydriatic fundus camera. Objective refraction measurement - Autorefracto-kerato-tonometer with pachymetry. Keratometry, corneal topography - Autokeratometer, corneal topographer. Contrast sensitivity testing. Pupila reaction testing. Orientation examination of visual field. Intraocular pressure measurement - Non-contact tonometer, rebound tonometer. Perimetry - Automated computerized perimeter, basic visual field testing (Amsler grid, confrontation tests). Color vision testing - Demonstration of selected examination methods.
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