Basic concepts of ecophysiology: ecosystem, biotope, vegetation, flora, habitat. Ecological limits. Law of toleration, law of the minimum. Ecology and physiology optimum. Basic concepts of stress physiology: stress, abiotic and biotic stress factors, resistance, tolerance, sensitivity, aclimation, adaptation. Mechanisms of plant stress response: local and systemic reactions, physical (hydraulic wave, electrical signal) and chemical signaling pathways (hormones, reactive oxygen species, gaseous substances, systemin), gene expression. Basics of plant stress electrophysiology: action and variation potentials, generation of electric signal, measurement of electric signal in plants. Physiological impacts of electric signal. Mechanism of leaf motion in carnivorous plants and in Mimosa. Abiotics factors: radiation, temperature. Adaptation of plants to these factors. Heliophytes, heliosciophytes, sciophytes. Termophytes, psychrophytes, cryophytes, xerotermophytes. Water relations, absorption, transpiration, the water balance of a plant; vertical and horizontal precipitations; poikilohydric and homoiohydric plants; hydrolabile and hydrostabile plants; adaptation of plants to water abundance and water loss. Soil composition, humus, edafon. Habitat-related aspects of mineral metabolism (plants growing on acidic and basis substrates, calcicole and calcifuge plants). Mineral nutrients in soil (availability and uptake of mineral nutrient from the soil). Nitrogen metabolism. Mechanical factors (wind, snow, fires, skiving, pasture), signification for biodiversity, plants as bioindicators. Carbon metabolism, gas exchange in plants, the carbon budget of the whole plant and of plant communities. Population (characterization, growing and dispersion of population). Biotics factors. Competition, allelopathy, parasitism, mutualism, epifitism, herbivory). r- and K- selection, R-, C-, S- strategy. Ecosystem - structure and function (energy flow, producers, consumers, destruents, food chain, ecological pyramids).
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