1. Polarization spectroscopy Definition and classification of polarized light. Theory of circular dichroism, chiral molecules, optically active chromophores, optical rotation dispersion, circular dichroism, ORD spectra, CD spectra, application of ORD and CD spectroscopy in biology. 2. Photoacoustic spectroscopy Principle of photoacoustic spectroscopy, frequency modulation of photoacoustic signal, thermal diffusion length, classification of photoacoustic effect, direct and indirect photoacoustic methods, advanced methods of photoacoustic spectroscopy, photothermal deflection spectroscopy, time-resolved thermal lensing, photoacoustic microscopy, comparison of absorption and photoacoustic spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectrometer (filters, sample, photoacoustic chamber, detector), application of photoacoustic spectroscopy in biology. 3. Elastic and quasielastic light scattering Definition and classification of elastic light scattering, Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering, theory of the Rayleigh and Mie scattering. Definition and classification of quasielastic light scattering, autocorrelation function, particle size determination, Tyndal scattering, turbidimetry, nephelometry, experimental setup, application of light scattering in biology. 4. Light diffraction, reflection and refraction spectroscopy Light diffraction, theory of light diffraction, methods, experimental setup and application in biology. Light reflection, Fresnel equations, reflection from a flat surface, multiple reflection, diffuse reflection. Light refraction, refractometer. 5. Vibrational absorption spectroscopy Classical and quantum theory of small vibrations, active vibrations, IR spectra, number and peak position in IR spectrum, IR spectral region, typical vibrational frequency in mid-IR region, classical IR spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, polarized IR spectroscopy, two-dimensional IR spectroscopy, dispersive IR spectrometer, FTIR spectrometer, application of IR spectroscopy in biology. 6. Rotation absorption spectroscopy Classical and quantum theory of molecular rotation, selection rule, dynamic rotation spectroscopy, Fourier-transformed rotation spectroscopy, application of rotation spectroscopy in biology. 7. Raman scattering Principle of Raman scattering, Stokes and Anti-Stokes scattering, selection rule, classification of Raman scattering, Raman spectra, comparison of IR and Raman spectra, resonance-enhanced Raman scattering, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, stimulated Raman scattering, coherent Raman scattering, non-linear Raman scattering, Raman spectrometer, CARS spectrometer, SERS, application of Raman spectroscopy in biology.
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