Matter Physiology: proteins, lipids, carbohydrates - overview and functions in the organism (ex. glycemic curve, glycemia control) Dynamics of membranes: transport mechanisms, cellular receptors, intercellular communication forms General Neurophysiology: central NS, peripheral NS, resting and action potential, synapses, neurotransmitters and signal molecules, principles of drug action on NS (ex. reflexes) Sensory Physiology: Comparative physiology of-sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell, sensory receptors, the principle of signal transduction. (Ex. eye: perimetry, evidence rods and cones in the retina, the evidence of dead stain, Purkinje images, visual acuity, color perception, visual illusions, visual defects, and skin distribution of the taste receptors, etc.). General endocrinology: the general principles of synthesis, transport and the effect of hormones on the basis of their chemical structure (ex. virtual laboratory) General immunology: tissue, cellular and molecular components of the immune system, general properties of non-specific and specific immunity, allergies, autoimmune diseases. Principles of muscle contraction: molecular basis of contraction of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles Physiology of body fluids: hemolymph, blood, lymph, tissue fluid, the function of body fluids, cells, haemopoesis, coagulation, blood antigen systems; (ex. counting blood cells of cattle, sheep, horses, rodents, generalization of the method, erythrocyte osmotic resistance, determination of cholesterol , determination of O2 and CO in the blood); Physiology of the circulatory system: open and closed circulatory system, blood vessels, heart, conduction system of regulation of cardiac activity (ex. demonstrations heart valves, blood pressure, control of CS, capilaroscopy of frog, ECG, AED); Respiration: types of respiratory systems, the principle of oxygen transport, blood pigments, mechanism and regulation of breathing (ex. lung volumes, VK, NHVK, water and digital spirometry, apnea, breathing demonstration of invertebrates and birds); Digestion: types of digestive systems, extracellular and intracellular digestion, digestive enzymes, fission and absorption of nutrients (ex. swallowing, measuring BMI, resorption, demonstrations stomachs of ruminants and omnivores); Metabolism: anabolism, catabolism, basal metabolism, principles of metabolism and energy in the body (ex. virtual laboratory) Physiology of excretion: types of excretory systems, comparative physiology of excretion of terrestrial and aquatic (freshwater, marine) animals, demonstration of renal glomerular filtration. (Ex. water dilution experiment, the chemical composition of urine) Reproductive Physiology: Comparative physiology of male and female reproductive organs, forms of reproduction, external and internal fertilization, ontogenetic development of individuals, hormonal regulation (ex. virtual laboratory) Temperature, its influence and maintain: heat exchange, adaptation to fluctuating temperature environment, adaptation to cold against overheating, physical thermoregulation, chemical thermoregulation, central thermoregulation, hibernation Problem size and proportions of the body Biorhythms: biorhythms as an evolutionary adaptation, external influences, their periodicity and influence on the organism, weak and fine synchronizer, biorhythms relationship to the environment, development biorhythms, the molecular nature of operation and location of the internal clock oscillator
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The goal is to provide students with a comprehensive view on animal physiology, from both, the theoretical (lectures, seminars) and practical (exercises, virtual labs) perspectives. In terms of content, attention is focused on the comparative physiology of individual organ systems of animals (invertebrates, vertebrates, incl. human). Students will learn about basic functions and homeostatic control systems (nervous, endocrine and immune system), further about cardiovascular and respiratory systems, systems providing energy supply and metabolism of the body, excretion, and thermoregulation. Finally, attention is focused to the physiology of movement and the ontogenetic reproduction and development. From the methodological point of view is emphasized that students are aware of the interdependence of physiological processes, and that they understand the broader context of development across the animal kingdom. With regard to the latest scientific findings, the general physiological principles on cellular and molecular level are presented with links to important physiological and medical discoveries and Nobel prizes awarded. Following the basic physiology the current pathophysiological issues are briefly presented. Lectures and seminars are pursued in an interactive way, with maximum use of multimedia technology, including illustrative animations, allowing students to understand easily the complex inter-related physiological processes. The practical exercises are introduced using modern methods of physiological work and the modern facilities and techniques, some of them students could use for their experiments during labs.
Student should be able to (after attending the course): - Describe Methods in physiology research. - Characterise elementary chemical composition of living organisms. - Describe the architecture and function of the cell and its compartments. - Characterise general physiological processes. - Characterise functions of particular organs systems. - Compare basic evolutionary trends among organs systems in animals. - Characterise the behaviour.
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