General part: Basic terminology (aetiology, pathogenesis, pain, aging), cell death (apoptosis, necrosis), neoplasia (origin, biological properties and classification of tumours, angiogenesis), effects of poisons and drugs on the organism. Pathophysiology of individual organ systems ? Body fluids: disorders in the number of cells of the erythroid series: anaemia (from Fe insufficiency, disorders of haemoglobin synthesis, haemolytic anaemia), foetal erythroblasts, disorders in the number of cells of the lymphoid series: acute and chronic myeloid leukaemia, polycythemia; disorders of haemostasis. ? Heart and bloodstream: disorders of the cardiac rhythm (tachycardia, bradycardia, atrial and ventricular fibrillation); valvular defects, coronary circulation anomalies (ischemia, heart attack), disorders of bloodstream regulation and anomalies, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, brain ischemia, stroke, venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, swellings, haemorrhage, circulation failure ? Nervous system: demyelisation of nerve cells (Alzheimer?s, multiple sclerosis), diseases of the basal ganglia (parkinsonism, hyperkinesis), spinal cord injury, nerve injury ? Musculoskeletal system: muscular dystrophy, rheumatic diseases, rickets, osteoporosis, ? Senses: pathophysiology of sight (anomalies of the optical apparatus ? myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, diseases of retina ? colour blindness, etc., pathophysiology of visual pathway); pathophysiology of statoacoustic apparatus (disorders of perception of high and low tones, balance, nystagmus); disorders of smell and taste ? Respiration and acid-base balance: obstructive and restrictive lung defects, pulmonary emphysema, pulmonary oedema, pulmonary embolism, asthma, hypoxia and hyperoxia, alkalosis, acidosis ? Kidney, the salt and water management: pathophysiology of transport mechanisms in the kidney, disorders of glomerular function, acute kidney failure, renal hypertension, pregnancy neuropathy, disorders of ion management (Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+?), ? Digestive system: nausea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, stomach ulcers, pancreatitis, gallstones (cholelithiasis), fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver, cystic fibrosis, diarrhoea, GI tract tumours, eating disorders (bulimia, anorexia) ? Metabolisms: disorder of carbohydrate metabolism (diabetes), disorder of lipoprotein metabolism, disorders of amino acid metabolism (phenylketonuria, homocystinuria), celiac disease, gout, disorders of vitamin metabolism, ? Immune system: immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, allergies, hypersensitivity, asthma, inflammation, sepsis, lymphoedema, post-transplantation immunity ? Hormonal system: disorders of pituitary gland, Cushing?s and Addison?s disease (adrenal gland), hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism (thyroid gland), diabetes mellitus (pancreas), dwarfism, gigantism, disorders of sexual hormones ? Reproduction system and disorders of a foetus development: male and female infertility, endometriosis, sexual disorders; congenital infections, chromosomal aberrancy, pre-natal diagnostics
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