- Fundaments of biomechanics, body segmentation, methods of determining mass and length of body segments, interpretation of possible deviations - standard deviation and confidence interval - Centre of gravity (COG) in biomechanics, COG of body segments, methods for determining COG in human body and segments, moments of inertia of human body and segments and their determination - Postural stability and balance: 3 types of static ekvilibrium, area of contact, base of support, center of pressure, static balance in humans, balance control and its assessment - Human anatomy: basic anatom. position, main planes and axes, directions on limbs and trunk, human skeleton, spine structure and scoliosis - Typical mech. properties of biological tissues: viscoelasticity, viscoelasticity, non-homogenity, anisotropy, adaptability. Stress-strain relationship (Hooke's law, elasticity modulus, yield point, rupture point). Elastic and plastic deformation - Bones: structure, influence of external environment (Wolff's law), fatigue-caused fractures, stress-strain relationship, aging, bone densitometry, osteoporosis, Z-score and T-score in bone densitometry - Tendons and ligaments: elastin and collagen fibers and their deformation, 2 effects as consequences of viscoelasticity - stress relaxation and creep - Cartilages: their 3 types, their function, structure and properties, stress relaxation and creep, discs and menisci and their function - Joints: joint types, synovial joint, synovial fluid, arthritis, movements in joints: rotation and translation, abduction vs. adduction, flexion vs. extension. - Muscular system in humans, 3 muscle types, muscle redundancy, structure of striated muscle, muscle contraction, motor unit, twitch and tetanus - Types of muscle fibers (motor units), 2 basic mechanisms for increasing muscle tension, combination of spatial and temporal recruitment for increasing muscle tension (Henneman's size principle), basic types of muscle contraction (isometric, anisometric-concentric and excentric, isotonic), Hill's 3-element model of muscle - Neuron: their 3 types and their involvement in a reflex arc, neuron morphology, transmission of nerve action potential to muscle, extra- and intrafusal muscle fibers, mechanoreceptors and their feedback function (muscle spindles, their structure and function, the Golgi apparatus, other mechanoreceptors), patellar reflex - Anatomy and physical-acoustical scheme of vocal apparatus, vocal tract, laryngeal structure - Laryngeal muscles and their function, laryngeal innervation, cartillaginous and membranous glottis, vocal fold structure, elastic properties of the vocal folds, control of vocal fold vibrational frequency - Voice: types of sound (waveform and spectrum), fundamental period and fundamental frequency, waveform and spectrum of voice: frequencies of the harmonics versus tone height and voice timbre - Source-filter theory of voice production, vocal tract resonances formants, vowels, Hellwag's triangle - Theories of vocal fold vibration, measurement of subglottic and supraglottic pressures in vivo, experiments with excised larynges, mucosal waves, vibration modes of the vocal folds, vocal fold models - Basic methods for examination and analysis of voice: spectral analysis, sound spectrography, voice range profile, EGG, PGG, pneumotachography, max. phonation time - Laryngoscopic methods for voice examination, examples of laryngeal pathology, voice care - Hearing, hearing range, Fechner-Weber law, sound intensity level and sound pressure level, hearing threshold, hearing field, equal loudness contours, loudness levels phons - Anatomy and function of hearing apparatus: outer ear, middle ear, inner ear cochlea structure, organ of Corti, inner and outer hair cells - Place and temporal coding for hearing, active mechanism, activity of hair cells, otoacoustic emissions - Vestibular part of the inner ear: function and anatomy
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