1. Forerunners of modern biochemistry in the ancient times (Aristoteles, Galenus, Demokritos, Dioscorides, Hippokrates, Leukippos, Thalés from Milet, St. Cosmas and Damian). 2. Forerunners of modern biochemistry in the middle ages and in the 16th-19th centuries (Avicenna, Bacon, Boerhaave, Darwin, Hagecius, Hayy?n, Harvey, van Leeuwenhoek, Lomonosov, Kelley, Mattioli, Paracelsus, Purkyně, Al-Razi and other Arabian and Persian physicians). 3. Amino acids and peptides (Anfinsen, Banting/ Best, Hopkins, Macleod, Merrifield, Ochoa, Paulescu, Tuppy, Waksman, Wieland). 4. Proteins, their structure and function (Corey, Edman, Fenn, Haldane, Hofmeister, Kendrew, Kjeldahl, Laemmli, Linderstr?m-Lang, Lowry, Neurath, Perry, Porath Raman, Gopalasamudram Ramachandran a Sasisekharan, Richardson, Sanger, Shimomura/Tsien, Svedberg, Tanaka, Tisselius, Uhlenhuth). 5. Enzymy and their function, coenzymes, vitamins (Arber, Bertrand, Buchner, Burk, Cleland, Dam, Dixon, Drummond, Elvehjem, Funk, Hill, Klenow, Koshland, Kuhn, Lineweaver, Luria, Menten, McCollum, Michaelis, Mullis, Prasad, Theorell, Warburg). 6. Chemical reactions in living organisms (Gibbs, Helmholtz, Ludwig, Miller/Urey, Oparin, Pasteur, Soerensen). 7. Saccharides, lipids, nucleic acids; their structure and role (Astbury, Butlerov, Crick, Fischer, Franklin, Fraenkel-Conrat, Gilbert, Hoppe-Seyler, Chargaff, Katz, Landsteiner, Miescher, Nirenberg, Perutz, Pauling, Prelog, Watson, Wilkins). 8. Promary and secondary metabolisms. Metabolomics. Significance of glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway (Brown, Cori, Doudoroff, Embden, Entner, Harden, Hansen, Henius, Zheng Ji, Kluyver, Mayerhof, Parnas, Somogyi). 9. Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction and the formation of acetyl coenzyme A. Significance of the citric acid cycle (Belousov, Krebs, von Szent-Györgyi de Nagyrápolt, Neuberg). 10. Redox potential. Respiratory chain, cellular respiration. Chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis. Proton gradient and proton-motive force. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (Boyer, Green, Mitchell, Racker). 11. Principles of protein degradation. Principles of the degradation of carbon skeletons of amino acids. Epinephrine and hormonal regulation. Detoxification of ammonia (von Fürth, Wöhler, Stern, Vinogradskij). 12. Degradation and biosynthesis of fatty acids. Ketone bodies, steroids. Degradation of nucleic acids (Bloch, Butenandt, Knoop, Ruzicka, Sigwart). 13. Cell cycle. DNA replication. Transcription and transcriptome. Proteosynthesis. Posttranslational modifications (Alberts, Belozersky, Berg, Gamov, Griffith, Hoagland, the Kornbergs, Krebs, Mendel, Grunberg-Manago, Monod, Okazaki, Spirin). 14. Photosynthesis, light and dark phases (Calvin, de Duvé, Hatch/Slack, Hill, von Liebig, Timiryazev) 15. Personalities of Czech and Slovak biochemistry (Balling, Horbaczewski, Hořejší, Koštíř and successors, Kováč, Morávek and successors, Pačes, Pecháň, Šícho, Šilink, Úlehla)
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