Basic concepts and structure of animal ecology, their environments, factors, tolerance limits, effects on ontogenesis and phylogenesis, adaptation, speciation, domestication. Radiation, sources, spectrum, intensity, effects on animals. Perception of light and responses, periodicity, photoperiods, biological rhythms. Temperature, heat, temperature-dependent processes. Adaptations to cold and heat, hibernation. Biogeographical rules in ecology (Bergman's, Allen's, Gloger's, Jordan's). Water as environment, limiting factors, adaptations to water. Terrestrial environment, limiting factors, specific adaptations, atmosphere, gases, pressure and airflow. Water in terrestrial ecosystems, water requirements. Soil environment and its properties. Zooedaphon. Intraspecific interactions. Territory, home range, species range, isolation, Allee principle. Populations, throphic forms, adaptation to food, food selection. Interspecific interactions. Communities, types, zonality, vertical and horizontal structure. Qualitative and quantitative traits. Ecosystem, trophic structure, ecological niche, energy flow, nutrient cycles. Primary and secondary productivity, decomposition. Succession, strategies, climax communities, stability. Bioms. Biodiversity, global gradients, hot-spots. Hypotheses to explain distribution of biodiversity.
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