Situation and aims of organic chemistry. Organic Chemistry of Hydrocarbons Derivatives - Overview of various structures of organic molecules and their reactivity based on the described structures including simple heterocyclic compounds. Basic mechanism of the main types of reactions. Methods of preparation of the main classes of derivatives is given. 1. Halogen derivatives. 2. Elimination reactions, mechanism E1, E2, E1cB and their stereochemical course. Substitution versus elimination. Alfa elimination reactions. 3. Hydroxy derivatives - alcohols and phenols. 4. Quinones, structure and chemical properties. Ethers, structure and nomenclature. Physical properties in comparison with alcohols. 5. Thioles and sulfides. Comparison with the oxygen derivatives. Products of oxidation - sulfinic and sulfonic acids, sulfoxides and sulfones. Sulfonic acids and their derivatives, their preparation and reactivity, application. 6.Inorganic acid esters, their preparation and application. Amino derivatives and nomenclature. The basic chemical properties. Hofmann rearrangement. Reactivity of amines with nitrous acid. Diazotization and diazonium salts, coupling reactions. 7. Quaternary amonium salts. Hofmann elimination. Reactions with phase transfer catalysis. Diazocompounds.Diazoalkanes, diazoesters, diazoketones preparation and reactivity. Arndt-Eistert-Wolf rearrangement. Azides. 8. Nitro compounds. Structure and reactivity. Influence of the nitro group on the carbon skeleton. Preparation of nitro compounds. Ambident ions. Reduction of nitro compounds. Azo, azoxy and hydrazo compounds. Nitriles and isonitriles. Structure and reactivity and preparation. Hydrolysis of nitriles. Isonitrile test. 9. Organo metallic compounds. Nomenclature. Relation between the metal and the chemical properties. Representatives of organometallic compounds, their reactivity and application in organic synthesis. Preparation. 10. Carbonyl derivatives. 11. Carbohydrates (aldoses, ketoses, trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses), nomenclature. Mutarotation and cyclic form. 12. Carboxylic acids, their structure, representatives, chemical properties. Influence of the carbon rest on the acidity. Esterification. Function derivatives of carboxylic acids (esters, halogen derivatives, amides, anhydrides). Preparation and comparison of their properties. Application in organic synthesis. Lipids, their structure, properties. Waxes. Substituted derivatives of carboxylic acids (hydroxyacids,lactones, lactides, aminoacids, lactams, halogenacids, ketoacids). 13.Derivatives of carbonic acid, classification, their reactivity. Steroids. The structure of steroids, stereochemical aspects, numbering and nomenclature. Steroles (cholesterol), sex hormones (male - androsterone, testosterone, female - estrogens, progesterone), adrenocortical hormones, bile acids, cardiac poisons. Difference in their structure and activity. 14.Heterocyclic compounds. Structure and systematic nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds. Relation between the electronic structure and the chemical behaviour. Pyrrole, thiophene, furan, comparison of their chemical properties. Structure of pyrrole and bile pigments. Indole, indoxyl, indigo. Imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, oxazole (the main chemical characteristic). Pyridine, structure and chemical properties. Pyridinium salts and pyridinium N-oxide. Quinoline and isoquinoline. Pyrylium salts, flavylium salts, coumarin and chromone, flavones - structure and their occuarance. Pyrazine, pyrimidine (bases of nucleic acids,pyridazine.Purines (the main representatives, bases of nucleic acids).Pterine (structure).
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