A relatively closed part of the history of music is further periodised, terminological questions are discussed (classicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Expressionism, etc.). The introduction to music work combines perspectives of specific types and geographic areas. 1. Romanticism and the Periodisation in the 19th Century The stylistic and time definition of music in the 19th century undergoes a critical analysis; a common label of Romanticism is further specified with the use of adjectives such as 'national', 'realistic', etc. 2. Beethoven in Music of the 19th Century A typical idea of the 19th century of a constant ascending progress collides with the return of many composers to the legacy of L. van Beethoven. 3. Symphony in the 19th Century The development of the symphony in the 19th century, that clearly falls apart into two relatively closed sections, is studied in relation to the work by L. van Beethoven. 4. Symphonic Poem The lecture on an avant-garde neo-Romantic style, that is new in its epoch and that draws attention to the issues of programme music, focuses on an analysis of a quite complex form of programme poems. 5. Opera in Italy, France, Germany Even though Italian opera holds a significant position also in the 19th century, it loses its former privileged position, and Paris and later even further music metropolis become centres of opera life. Next to developmental progresses in the framework of bel canto opera, different and relatively autonomous components of French and German opera in the 19th century are discussed. 6. Chamber Music and Song, Mass, Oratorio, Cantata Seemingly marginal types and genres of music in the 19th century preserve their lasting popularity during the whole course of the 19th century, and they even bring new impulses in some developmental phases. 7. R. Wagner, G. Verdi Two most important opera authors in the 19th century are confronted in accordance with contemporary terminology and theory of music drama. Thanks to an analysis of their composition and literary work, other possible directions of opera are deduced. 8. National Schools A surging wave of national schools in the 19th century opens way to especially Polish, Russian, Czech composers, and to composers from northern countries. Common as well different features of their work are discussed (an inspiration by Western European music, an evaluation of domestic traditions, a work with language, etc.). 9. Tristan Generation Art generation that originates in the 60s of the 19th century cannot avoid impulses of R. Wagner; however, their use takes different courses from total rejection, misunderstanding of other essential thoughts, to uncritical adoration. 10. Drama lyrique, Verism French and Italian opera in the second half of the 19th century manages to, despite certain problems, preserve own continuity, and mainly in the last decade of the 19th century, it represents an effective counterweight to post-Wagner opera. 11. Impressionism, the Epoch of Year 1900 The artistic development including music around year 1900 is sometimes perceived as a singular era. It is a fact that so-called modernism or Art Nouveau finds universal stylistic components with difficulties, and the situation in the end of the century decays into number of individual schools, styles, strong figures, and their students, etc. 12. The Issues of Virtuosity, Violin, Piano, etc., Interpretation Sphere Analytical pedagogy reflects itself in a musical sphere as a gradation of technical possibilities of some instruments, including voice. Many interpretation performances remain on the border of physical and psychical possibilities of human to the present.
|